According to Henri Fayol, which of the following is NOT a universal function of management?

Henri Fayol, a prominent management theorist, identified five universal functions of management, which are planning, organizing, commanding (or directing), coordinating, and controlling. Among these, "imparting" does not align with Fayol's established functions. The concept of imparting implies sharing or passing on information, which is important within management but is not categorized specifically as one of Fayol's core management functions.

The identified functions—controlling, directing, and organizing—are all integral parts of the management process according to Fayol. Controlling involves monitoring performance and making necessary adjustments. Directing is about leading and motivating employees to achieve organizational goals, while organizing entails structuring resources and tasks to implement plans effectively. Understanding these functions is crucial because they form the backbone of effective management practices in organizations.